Facts of which Court shall take judicial notice
Section 52 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 deals with facts of which Court shall take judicial notice. The Court shall take judicial notice of the following facts, namely:-- (a) all laws in force in the territory of India including laws having extra-territorial operation; The Act came into force on 01 Jul 2024.
(1) The Court shall take judicial notice of the following facts, namely:--
(a) all laws in force in the territory of India including laws having extra-territorial operation;
(b) international treaty, agreement or convention with country or countries by India, or decisions made by India at international associations or other bodies;
(c) the course of proceeding of the Constituent Assembly of India, of Parliament of India and of the State Legislatures;
(d) the seals of all Courts and Tribunals;
(e) the seals of Courts of Admiralty and Maritime Jurisdiction, Notaries Public, and all seals which any person is authorised to use by the Constitution, or by an Act of Parliament or State Legislatures, or Regulations having the force of law in India;
(f) the accession to office, names, titles, functions, and signatures of the persons filling for the time being any public office in any State, if the fact of their appointment to such office is notified in any Official Gazette;
(g) the existence, title and national flag of every country or sovereign recognised by the Government of India;
(h) the divisions of time, the geographical divisions of the world, and public festivals, fasts and holidays notified in the Official Gazette;
(i) the territory of India;
(j) the commencement, continuance and termination of hostilities between the Government of India and any other country or body of persons;
(k) the names of the members and officers of the Court and of their deputies and subordinate officers and assistants, and also of all officers acting in execution of its process, and of advocates and other persons authorised by law to appear or act before it;
(l) the rule of the road on land or at sea
(2) In the cases referred to in sub-section (1) and also on all matters of public history, literature, science or art, the Court may resort for its aid to appropriate books or documents of reference and if the Court is called upon by any person to take judicial notice of any fact, it may refuse to do so unless and until such person produces any such book or document as it may consider necessary to enable it to do so.
Section 52, The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Act 47 of 2023).
Replaces a provision of the Indian Evidence Act
IEA 57 Facts of which Court must take judicial notice Close, with changes 80%
Measured by comparing the text of the two provisions, not taken from an official correspondence table — there is no machine-readable one. See both texts side by side before relying on it.
Both regimes are live. The repealed enactment still governs what happened while it was in force. We never redirect one to the other.
Questions about Section 52
What does Section 52 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam deal with?
Section 52 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam is headed "Facts of which Court shall take judicial notice". The Court shall take judicial notice of the following facts, namely:-- (a) all laws in force in the territory of India including laws having extra-territorial operation;
How do I find court cases under Section 52 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam?
In judgments and charge sheets this section is written several ways, and each form finds a different set of orders. These search the full text of every order eCourtsIndia holds, best matches first: BSA 52, section 52 BSA, section 52 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam. People searching for it also type bsa troop 52. Each opens the full list of orders on eCourtsIndia, where it can be narrowed by court, year and outcome.
What should I read with Section 52 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, and has it changed?
It carries forward IEA 57 (Facts of which Court must take judicial notice), so the judgments decided under that provision are the case law on this one.
When did Section 52 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam come into force?
Section 52 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, cited as BSA 52, came into force on 01 Jul 2024, having been enacted on 25 Dec 2023. It is in force as at the date shown on this page.
Other sections of this Act
- 26. Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant1128 words
- 12. Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feeling1076 words
- 95. Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement815 words
- 2. Definitions794 words
- 6. Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct773 words
- 63. Admissibility of electronic records764 words
Source and method. Compiled from the enactments of Parliament and of the State legislatures as published on India Code, and republished together with commentary and other original matter under section 52(1)(q)(ii) of the Copyright Act, 1957. Structured, cross-referenced and maintained by eCourtsIndia. Text as in force on 14 Oct 2026. This page is not a substitute for legal advice.