Punishment of offences committed within India
Section 2 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 deals with punishment of offences committed within India. Every person shall be liable to punishment under this Code and not otherwise for every act or omission contrary to the provisions thereof, of which he shall be guilty within [India] . The Act came into force on 01 Jan 1862. Repealed by section 358 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (45 of 2023) with effect from 1 July 2024, but conduct before that date is still charged, tried and appealed under it.
Every person shall be liable to punishment under this Code and not otherwise for every act or omission contrary to the provisions thereof, of which he shall be guilty within [India] .
Section 2, The Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Act 45 of 1860).
Now in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita
BNS 1 Short title, commencement and application Close, with changes 70%
Measured by comparing the text of the two provisions, not taken from an official correspondence table — there is no machine-readable one. See both texts side by side before relying on it.
Both regimes are live. The repealed enactment still governs what happened while it was in force. We never redirect one to the other.
Related judgements & precedents
These are some judgments that construed this section, and hold precedence value. They hold authority on how to read, interpret and use this section.
-
C.ashok Vardhan vs State of Bihar& ANR.
Court's Decision & Legal Precedent
When a complaint discloses no criminal offence as defined in law, particularly when essential ingredients of the alleged offence (such as entrustment in Section 406 IPC) are absent, the High Court should exercise its inherent power under Section 482 CrPC to quash the entire proceeding and cognizance order. Higher courts have a duty to prevent frivolous and vexatious litigation from clogging the criminal justice system, especially where the harm complained of is so slight that no person of ordinary sense and temper would complain of it.
On this section: Definition of offence - Court noted that mere failure to return documents does not constitute a criminal offence as defined
The holding above is the ratio decidendi as extracted from the judgment by eCourts India, reproduced unaltered — it is a rendering of the court's reasoning, not a substitute for its words. Read the order itself before relying on it.
Questions about Section 2
What have the courts held on Section 2 of the Indian Penal Code?
C.ashok Vardhan vs State of Bihar& ANR. (12 Jul 2010) is the leading judgment on this section among those set out below: Definition of offence - Court noted that mere failure to return documents does not constitute a criminal offence as defined.
How do I find court cases under Section 2 of the Indian Penal Code?
In judgments and charge sheets this section is written several ways, and each form finds a different set of orders. These search the full text of every order eCourtsIndia holds, best matches first: IPC 2, section 2 IPC, section 2 of the Indian Penal Code. Each opens the full list of orders on eCourtsIndia, where it can be narrowed by court, year and outcome. 1 reported judgment on this section is set out on this page, beginning with C.ashok Vardhan vs State of Bihar& ANR. (12 Jul 2010).
What should I read with Section 2 of the Indian Penal Code, and has it changed?
For anything done on or after 1 July 2024 the provision to read is BNS 1 (Short title, commencement and application), which replaced it; conduct before that date is still charged, tried and appealed under this section.
When did Section 2 of the Indian Penal Code come into force?
Section 2 of the Indian Penal Code, cited as IPC 2, came into force on 01 Jan 1862, having been enacted on 06 Oct 1860. It is no longer in force.
Other sections of this Act
- 499. Defamation1512 words
- 464. Making a false document1223 words
- 300. Murder1172 words
- 378. Theft980 words
- 108. Abettor745 words
- 403. Dishonest misappropriation of property727 words
Source and method. Compiled from the enactments of Parliament and of the State legislatures as published on India Code, and republished together with commentary and other original matter under section 52(1)(q)(ii) of the Copyright Act, 1957. Structured, cross-referenced and maintained by eCourtsIndia. Recovered from the consolidated text published by India Code (item 7b7d4fe6-206b-4e33-81f1-b98b018acaf6). This page is not a substitute for legal advice.