1 July 2024
Evidence Act to BSA: section by section
Every one of the 185 provisions of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, against the provision of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 whose text is closest to it. Both regimes are live: an offence committed before 1 July 2024 is still charged, tried and appealed under the old law.
IPC to BNSCrPC to BNSSEvidence Act to BSAIncome-tax 1961 to 2025
| Indian Evidence Act | Closest in Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam | Text |
|---|---|---|
| 1 Short title | 1 Short title, application and commencement | Distant match 56% |
| 2 Repeal of enactments | — | No close match found |
| 3 Interpretation-clause | 2 Definitions | Close, with changes 64% |
| 4 “May presume” | 2 Definitions | Close, with changes 68% |
| 5 Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts | 3 Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 6 Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction | 4 Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction | Text carried over almost unchanged 97% |
| 7 Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue | 5 Facts which are occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue or relevant facts | Text carried over almost unchanged 99% |
| 8 Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct | 6 Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct | Text carried over almost unchanged 98% |
| 9 Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts | 7 Facts necessary to explain or introduce fact in issue or relevant facts | Text carried over almost unchanged 96% |
| 10 Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design | 8 Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 11 When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant | 9 When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant | Text carried over almost unchanged 96% |
| 12 In suits for damages, facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant | 10 Facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant in suits for damages | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 13 Facts relevant when right or custom is in question | 11 Facts relevant when right or custom is in question | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 14 Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body of bodily feeling | 12 Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feeling | Text carried over almost unchanged 98% |
| 15 Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional | 13 Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional | Text carried over almost unchanged 96% |
| 16 Existence of course of business when relevant | 14 Existence of course of business when relevant | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 17 Admission defined | 15 Admission defined | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 18 Admission | 16 Admission by party to proceeding or his agent | Close, with changes 84% |
| 19 Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit | 17 Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit | Text carried over almost unchanged 99% |
| 20 Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit | 18 Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 21 Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf | 19 Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 22 When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant | 20 When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 22A When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant | 20 When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant | Distant match 59% |
| 23 Admissions in civil cases when relevant | 21 Admissions in civil cases when relevant | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 24 Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding | 22 Confession caused by inducement, threat, coercion or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding | Text carried over almost unchanged 89% |
| 25 Confession to police-officer not to be proved | 23 Confession to police officer | Text carried over almost unchanged 88% |
| 26 Confession by accused while in custody of police not to be proved against him | — | No close match found |
| 27 How much of information received from accused may be proved | 23 Confession to police officer | Distant match 62% |
| 28 Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant | 22 Confession caused by inducement, threat, coercion or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding | Close, with changes 74% |
| 29 Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc | 22 Confession caused by inducement, threat, coercion or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding | Close, with changes 73% |
| 30 Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence | 24 Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 31 Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop | 25 Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 32 Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant | 26 Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant | Text carried over almost unchanged 97% |
| 33 Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth of facts therein stated | 27 Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, truth of facts therein stated | Text carried over almost unchanged 98% |
| 34 Entries in books of account when relevant | 28 Entries in books of account when relevant | Text carried over almost unchanged 97% |
| 35 Relevancy of entry in public record made in performance of duty | 29 Relevancy of entry in public record or an electronic record made in performance of duty | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 36 Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans | 30 Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 37 Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications | 31 Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 38 Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law-books | 32 Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law books including electronic or digital form | Close, with changes 82% |
| 39 What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers | 33 What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers | Text carried over almost unchanged 97% |
| 40 Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial | 34 Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 41 Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction | 35 Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction | Text carried over almost unchanged 99% |
| 42 Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in relate to matters of a public nature relevant to the enquiry; but such judgments, orders or decrees are not conclusive proof of that which they state | 36 Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 35 | Close, with changes 84% |
| 43 Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 40, 41 and 42, when relevant | 37 Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 34, 35 and 36 when relevant | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 44 Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved | 38 Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 45 Opinions of experts | 39 Opinions of experts | Text carried over almost unchanged 92% |
| 45A Opinion of Examiner of Electronic Evidence | 39 Opinions of experts | Close, with changes 70% |
| 46 Facts bearing upon opinions of experts | 40 Facts bearing upon opinions of experts | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 47 Opinion as to hand-writing, when relevant | 41 Opinion as to handwriting and signature, when relevant | Close, with changes 80% |
| 47A Opinion as to digital signature, when relevant | 41 Opinion as to handwriting and signature, when relevant | Close, with changes 83% |
| 48 Opinion as to existence of right or custom, when relevant | 42 Opinion as to existence of general custom or right, when relevant | Text carried over almost unchanged 97% |
| 49 Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant | 43 Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 50 Opinion on relationship, when relevant | 44 Opinion on relationship, when relevant | Text carried over almost unchanged 97% |
| 51 Grounds of opinion, when relevant | 45 Grounds of opinion, when relevant | Text carried over almost unchanged 96% |
| 52 In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant | 46 In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 53 In criminal cases previous good character relevant | 47 In criminal cases previous good character relevant | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 53A Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases | 48 Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases | Text carried over almost unchanged 96% |
| 54 Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply | 49 Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 55 Character as affecting damages | 50 Character as affecting damages | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 56 Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved | 51 Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 57 Facts of which Court must take judicial notice | 52 Facts of which Court shall take judicial notice | Close, with changes 80% |
| 58 Facts admitted need not be proved | 53 Facts admitted need not be proved | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 59 Proof of facts by oral evidence | 54 Proof of facts by oral evidence | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 60 Oral evidence must be direct | 55 Oral evidence to be direct | Text carried over almost unchanged 97% |
| 61 Proof of contents of documents | 56 Proof of contents of documents | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 62 Primary evidence | 57 Primary evidence | Text carried over almost unchanged 90% |
| 63 Secondary evidence | 58 Secondary evidence | Text carried over almost unchanged 93% |
| 64 Proof of documents by primary evidence | 59 Proof of documents by primary evidence | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 65 Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given | 60 Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents maybe given | Text carried over almost unchanged 93% |
| 65A Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record | 62 Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 65B Admissibility of electronic records | 63 Admissibility of electronic records | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 66 Rules as to notice to produce | 64 Rules as to notice to produce | Text carried over almost unchanged 98% |
| 67 Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced | 65 Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 67A Proof as to [electronic signature | 66 Proof as to electronic signature | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 68 Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested | 67 Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 69 Proof where no attesting witness found | 68 Proof where no attesting witness found | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 70 Admission of execution by party to attested document | 69 Admission of execution by party to attested document | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 71 Proof when attesting witness denies the execution | 70 Proof when attesting witness denies execution | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 72 Proof of document not required by law to be attested | 71 Proof of document not required by law to be attested | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 73 Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved | 72 Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 73A Proof as to verification of digital signature | 73 Proof as to verification of digital signature | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 74 Public documents | 74 Public and private documents | Close, with changes 84% |
| 75 Private documents | 74 Public and private documents | Text carried over almost unchanged 86% |
| 76 Certified copies of public documents | 75 Certified copies of public documents | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 77 Proof of documents by production of certified copies | 76 Proof of documents by production of certified copies | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 78 Proof of other official documents | 77 Proof of other official documents | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 79 Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies | 78 Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 80 Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence | 79 Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence, etc | Text carried over almost unchanged 94% |
| 81 Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, private Acts of Parliament and other documents | 80 Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, and other documents | Distant match 59% |
| 81A Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic forms | 81 Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic or digital record | Close, with changes 82% |
| 82 Presumption as to document admissible in England without proof of seal or signature | — | No close match found |
| 83 Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government | 82 Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 84 Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions | 83 Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 85 Presumption as to powers-of-attorney | 84 Presumption as to powers-of-attorney | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 85A Presumption as to electronic agreements | 85 Presumption as to electronic agreements | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 85B Presumption as to electronic records and [electronic signatures | 86 Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 85C Presumption as to [Electronic Signature Certificates | 87 Presumption as to Electronic Signature Certificates | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 86 Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records | 88 Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 87 Presumption as to books, maps and charts | 89 Presumption as to books, maps and charts | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 88 Presumption as to telegraphic messages | 90 Presumption as to electronic messages | Close, with changes 68% |
| 88A Presumption as to electronic messages | 90 Presumption as to electronic messages | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 89 Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced | 91 Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 90 Presumption as to documents thirty years old | 92 Presumption as to documents thirty years old | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 90A Presumption as to electronic records five years old | 93 Presumption as to electronic records five years old | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 91 Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document | 94 Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document | Text carried over almost unchanged 99% |
| 92 Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement | 95 Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement | Text carried over almost unchanged 97% |
| 93 Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document | 96 Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 94 Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts | 97 Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts | Text carried over almost unchanged 96% |
| 95 Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts | 98 Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 96 Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons | 99 Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 97 Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies | 100 . Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 98 Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc | 101 Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc | Text carried over almost unchanged 97% |
| 99 Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document | 102 Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 100 Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills | 103 Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 101 Burden of proof | 104 Burden of proof | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 102 On whom burden of proof lies | 105 On whom burden of proof lies | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 103 Burden of proof as to particular fact | 106 Burden of proof as to particular fact | Text carried over almost unchanged 99% |
| 104 Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible | 107 Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 105 Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions | 108 Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 106 Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge | 109 Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 107 Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years | 110 Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 108 Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years | 111 Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years | Text carried over almost unchanged 99% |
| 109 Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent | 112 Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 110 Burden of proof as to ownership | 113 Burden of proof as to ownership | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 111 Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence | 114 Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence | Text carried over almost unchanged 97% |
| 111A Presumption as to certain offences | 115 Presumption as to certain offences | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 112 Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy | 116 Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy | Text carried over almost unchanged 97% |
| 113 Proof of cession of territory | — | No close match found |
| 113A Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman | 117 Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 113B Presumption as to dowry death | 118 Presumption as to dowry death | Text carried over almost unchanged 99% |
| 114 Court may presume existence of certain facts | 119 Court may presume existence of certain facts | Text carried over almost unchanged 99% |
| 114A Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape | 120 Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 115 Estoppel | 121 Estoppel | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 116 Estoppel of tenants and of licensee of person in possession | 122 Estoppel of tenant and of licensee of person in possession | Text carried over almost unchanged 91% |
| 117 Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee | 123 Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee | Text carried over almost unchanged 99% |
| 118 Who may testify | 124 Who may testify | Text carried over almost unchanged 94% |
| 119 Witness unable to communicate verbally | 125 Witness unable to communicate verbally | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 120 Parties to civil suit, and their wives or husbands. Husband or wife of person under criminal trial | 126 Competency of husband and wife as witnesses in certain cases | Close, with changes 83% |
| 121 Judges and Magistrates | 127 Judges and Magistrates | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 122 Communications during marriage | 128 Communications during marriage | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 123 Evidence as to affairs of State | 129 Evidence as to affairs of State | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 124 Official communications | 130 Official communications | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 125 Information as to commission of offences | 131 Information as to commission of offences | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 126 Professional communications | 132 Professional communications | Close, with changes 83% |
| 127 Section 126 to apply to interpreters, etc | — | No close match found |
| 128 Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence | 133 Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 129 Confidential communications with legal advisers | 134 Confidential communication with legal advisers | Text carried over almost unchanged 93% |
| 130 Production of title-deeds of witness not a party | 135 Production of title-deeds of witness not a party | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 131 Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce | 136 Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 132 Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate | 137 Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate | Text carried over almost unchanged 97% |
| 133 Accomplice | 138 Accomplice | Close, with changes 84% |
| 134 Number of witnesses | 139 Number of witnesses | Text carried over almost unchanged 89% |
| 135 Order of production and examination of witnesses | 140 Order of production and examination of witnesses | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 136 Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence | 141 Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 137 Examination-in-chief | 142 Examination of witnesses | Close, with changes 85% |
| 138 Order of examinations | 143 Order of examinations | Text carried over almost unchanged 97% |
| 139 Cross-examination of person called to produce a document | 144 Cross examination of person called to produce a document | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 140 Witnesses to character | 145 Witnesses to character | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 141 Leading questions | 146 Leading questions | Text carried over almost unchanged 90% |
| 142 When they must not be asked | 146 Leading questions | Close, with changes 70% |
| 143 When they may be asked | 146 Leading questions | Close, with changes 70% |
| 144 Evidence as to matters in writing | 147 Evidence as to matters in writing | Text carried over almost unchanged 99% |
| 145 Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing | 148 Cross examination as to previous statements in writing | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 146 Questions lawful in cross-examination | 149 Questions lawful in cross examination | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 147 When witness to be compelled to answer | 150 When witness to be compelled to answer | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 148 Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer | 151 Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 149 Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds | 152 Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 150 Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds | 153 Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 151 Indecent and scandalous questions | 154 Indecent and scandalous questions | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 152 Questions intended to insult or annoy | 155 Questions intended to insult or annoy | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 153 Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity | 156 Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 154 Question by party to his own witness | 157 Question by party to his own witness | Text carried over almost unchanged 98% |
| 155 Impeaching credit of witness | 158 Impeaching credit of witness | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 156 Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible | 159 Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 157 Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact | 160 Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 158 What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 32 or 33 | 161 What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 26 or 27 | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 159 Refreshing memory | 162 Refreshing memory | Text carried over almost unchanged 98% |
| 160 Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section 159 | 163 Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section 162 | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 161 Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory | 164 Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 162 Production of documents | 165 Production of documents | Text carried over almost unchanged 93% |
| 163 Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice | 166 Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 164 Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice | 167 Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice | Text carried over almost unchanged 100% |
| 165 Judge’s power to put questions or order production | 168 Judge's power to put questions or order production | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
| 166 Power of jury or assessors to put questions | — | No close match found |
| 167 No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence | 169 No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence | Text carried over almost unchanged 95% |
How this table was made, and what it is not
There is no official machine-readable correspondence between the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023. The Ministry published comparison charts for human readers; nothing exists that a computer can check. So this is not an official mapping and we do not present it as one.
What it measures is how alike the text of two provisions is. For each provision of the old enactment we compare its words against every provision of the new one and report the closest, with the score. That works here because the new codes are largely a renumbering rather than a rewrite: where a provision carried over near-verbatim the match is self-evidencing, and you can see it for yourself, because both texts are set out side by side on every entry.
Where the law genuinely changed, the score falls and the entry says no close match found rather than offering a guess. Those entries matter: they are where the reform actually did something.
Check before you cite. A high score means the words are alike, not that a court has held the provisions equivalent. For that, read both texts and the Gazette.
The other transitions
IPC to BNS
Indian Penal Code, 1860 to the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 — offences and punishments.
CrPC to BNSS
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 to the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 — criminal procedure.
Income-tax 1961 to 2025
Income-tax Act, 1961 to the Income-tax Act, 2025 — income tax.
Read the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 Read the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023
Source and method. Compiled from the enactments of Parliament and of the State legislatures as published on India Code, and republished together with commentary and other original matter under section 52(1)(q)(ii) of the Copyright Act, 1957. Structured, cross-referenced and maintained by eCourtsIndia. The old codes are recovered from the consolidated texts published by India Code; the new ones come from the enactments as published. This page is not a substitute for legal advice.